No they will not. Only in client/server mode will the switches actually share vlan information.
In transparent mode, the switch will pass on vlan information to other switches, but it will not process that information itself.
For example if you have 3 switches
vtp server ---- transparent----vtp client
1 2 3
The vtp server and vtp client will share vlan information and the transparent switch will simply pass that information along between switches 1 and 3. You cannot assign any ports to those vlans on switch 2 itself. It will have its own vlan database and vlan definitions.
